The dative in Sindarin is either (a) marked by word position (direct object followed by indirect object) or (b) uses the preposition an “to, for”. In the case of pronouns, it seems an + pronoun evolved into a set of dedicated dative pronouns derived from what were originally agglutinated forms.

Sindarin has a set of possessive pronouns that seem to be very similar to and possibly based on the forms of independent pronouns. Only a subset of the possible pronominal forms are attested, however. Examples include:

In Sindarin, subject pronouns are suffixed to verbs, but Sindarin also has a set of independent pronouns that can be used in different contexts. Unfortunately, we have no complete paradigms for independent Sindarin pronouns other than a (very early) paradigm for Gnomish of the 1910s. We do have several complete paradigms of subject suffixes which provide clues as to what the independent forms might be.

This post skips another minor bridge entry introducing pronouns.

Sindarin has several ways of expressing genitive (“of”) relationships between nouns. In one note from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien said Old Sindarin had three ways of expressing a genitive:

The dative, or indirect object, can be marked in two ways in Sindarin. First, it can be marked by word order alone, with the indirect object following the direct object:

Like English, the direct object of a phrase generally follows the verb in Sindarin. Unlike English, the direct object undergoes soft mutation to mark it as an object, a process I refer to as (grammatical) lenition. Examples include:

Like Quenya, Sindarin once had a dual inflection, used for pairs of objects, but in Sindarin this dual has fallen out of use:

Sindarin has a second plural form formed with suffixes like -ath, -hoth or -rim. Compare:

Koranari *enquean-enquendóra yá haura autas nahtane ilye kelvaron yo laimaron*nelkasta, imbi exe ilye *aikalóki i lá poller vile. Aikalókion umbar ekésie lier i lúmello íre túver minye axontar nu i kemen. Ilye nóri nyarir nyarnar pá haure angulóki, epetai inte ar atani tankave enger uo imya lúmes, hya yáre atani yúyo túver aikalókion axor ar kárer nyarnar pá te.