This post skips another brief bridging section

Sindarin (and it’s conceptual precursors) have two major classes of verbs: basic verbs (based on an unadorned primitive verbal root) and derived verbs (produced with some kind of verbal suffix). In the literature, these two classes are sometimes called i-stem verbs and a-stem verbs after their present tense forms, which frequently have i or a respectively. For example, this terminology appears in David Salo’s book, Gateway to Sindarin (GS/111), though I am not certain he first coined these terms.

This post skips another small bridge entry introducing verbs.

We have one attested Sindarin interrogative pronoun man, from the untranslated phrase:

We have very little information on demonstrative pronouns in Sindarin. What we do know comes mostly from the Moria Gate Inscription (LotR/305; PE17/40) which happens to have two demonstratives:

The dative in Sindarin is either (a) marked by word position (direct object followed by indirect object) or (b) uses the preposition an “to, for”. In the case of pronouns, it seems an + pronoun evolved into a set of dedicated dative pronouns derived from what were originally agglutinated forms.

Sindarin has a set of possessive pronouns that seem to be very similar to and possibly based on the forms of independent pronouns. Only a subset of the possible pronominal forms are attested, however. Examples include:

In Sindarin, subject pronouns are suffixed to verbs, but Sindarin also has a set of independent pronouns that can be used in different contexts. Unfortunately, we have no complete paradigms for independent Sindarin pronouns other than a (very early) paradigm for Gnomish of the 1910s. We do have several complete paradigms of subject suffixes which provide clues as to what the independent forms might be.

This post skips another minor bridge entry introducing pronouns.

Sindarin has several ways of expressing genitive (“of”) relationships between nouns. In one note from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien said Old Sindarin had three ways of expressing a genitive: