In Tolkien’s later writing, Quenya did not have a direct equivalent of English’s comparative “-er” suffix. In linguistic notes from 1966-67, Tolkien said that “A is brighter than B” is expressed using the preposition lá “beyond”: A (ná) calima lá B (PE17/90), where the copula ná- “to be” is optional as usual.

Adjectives in Quenya generally (but not always) precede the noun they modify and generally (but not always) are inflected into the plural when they modify plural nouns. As Tolkien described it in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s:

In English the most common responses to questions are “yes” and “no”. Quenya further distinguishes its answers based on whether they were simple statements of fact or whether they expressed the will of the respondent. As such, there are two different words for “yes”:

Questions (interrogatives) in Quenya can be indicated by intonation alone, just like in English: túlalye? “you are coming?” However, more often they are marked with the interrogative particle ma. This particle was derived from the ancient root √MA, which was mentioned in several places (PE17/68, 162; VT47/19). Tolkien discussed its use in some detail in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969:

Here is the full entry on negation. The “Conceptual Development” section is largely unchanged except for minor edits. I added a “Neo-Quenya” section exploring its possible use in practice.

I’m posting the first half of this entry for purposes of discussion, because I’m very much on the on fence about how to address Neo-Quenya.

The subjunctive mood is used for various “unreal” (conditional or hypothetical) statements: things where the speaker is uncertain whether or not they are true. These are slightly different from the optative (things the speaker hopes or wishes were true) and the imperative (actions the speaker demands be done).